Georgia State University (GSU) SCOM 2050 Media, Culture, and Society Practice Test

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• Who was the head of research for CBS and wrote a famous book in the 1960s articulating limited effects theory?
• Which statement best explains audience fragmentation's effect on advertising?
• The Pentagon Papers case involved the publication of classified documents. The papers concerned which topic?
• Which reporter's investigations allegedly prompted the coining of the term 'muckraker'?
• Roughly when did the idea that journalists should be neutral first arrive?
• In a study of bylined news articles and opinion pieces about reproductive rights across the nation's 12 most widely circulated newspapers and wires, what percentage were written by women?
• Which of the following people was a newspaper publisher jailed in 1734 for criticizing the royal governor of New York?
• Which of the following is an example of niche marketing?
• According to the timeline, which thing happened last?
• The passage of the ________ in 1765 angered colonial printers.
• Which early film device was used to project motion pictures to audiences?
• Which statement best describes fake news in media studies?
• Latin characters on TV are predominantly found in which category of programming?
• Which term describes the window of acceptable policy ideas in public discourse?
• Approximately how many people in the United States identify themselves as working in public relations?
• Which advertising technique involves linking a product to high-status concepts to enhance its appeal?
• According to data, which film had the highest box office revenue?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of the definition of fake news used this semester?
• Which statement describes the relative level of over-sexualization of women in media?
• Which publication is credited as the first really successful American magazine?
• Which statement about the Bechdel Test is true?
• In which court case did the Supreme Court rule that sex and obscenity are not synonymous?
• Which term best describes content intended for broad audiences via mass media?
• Who wrote the programs that allowed the creation of GPS systems?
• Which of the following is the best example of media literacy being required for full participation in the culture?
• Which of the following people wrote algorithms that helped stabilize the Internet's routing system?
• According to research, Black characters are most likely to be well-represented on TV during which type of show?
• Which term describes the idea that Internet service providers should treat all data that travels over their networks fairly, without improper discrimination in favor of particular apps, sites or services?
• Which is NOT one of the steps the textbook recommends to help avoid spreading fake news?
• Approximately how many ad agencies operate in the United States?
• Who was the original artist for the comic strip The Yellow Kid?
• Which of the following is the best example of vertical integration?
• Which court case ruled that freedom from prior restraint is a general but not an absolute principle?
• Who was one of the primary developers of the Mathematical Model of Communication?
• On average, what percentage of an American studio movie's ticket sales happens outside the United States?
• Which editor popularized the use of the term 'yellow journalism'?
• What is the overall conclusion of research on the potential link between violent media and real-world violence?
• In what year did Internet advertising spending first surpass radio advertising spending?
• What is a documented effect of publication bias in the social sciences?
• Who signed the Pacific Railway Act into law, thereby creating the Transcontinental Railroad?
• Which outcome is linked to female leadership on a show?
• When was the first full-service electronic digital computer built?
• The National Broadcasting Corporation is an example of which of the following?
• In Baran's early 1960s plan to create a packet-switched network, what was the other advantage besides universal connectivity?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the stereotypical norms and values characteristics of hegemonic masculinity?
• Which statement aligns with the origin of the mathematical model of communication?
• The first newspaper published in the American colonies was unique in many ways. Which of the following statements about that paper is NOT true?
• Which of the following people successfully filed the first radio patents in the U.S.?
• Which historical stage of Public Relations in the US started around World War I?
• Which statement about the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is true?
• Which term describes the deliberate sharing of false information?
• What percentage is reported for film writers who are people of color?
• Which statement best describes the evolution of television?
• What has happened to the violent crime rate in the US since the 1990s?
• What term describes journalism that claims to provide a fair view but typically presents a male perspective?
• Which statement about Gutenberg's invention and its impact is true?
• Which statement aligns with the finding that roughly 66% of poor people in news stories are Black?
• In the analysis of top films, what percentage were directed by Asians?
• The first full-service advertising agency in the United States opened in which year?
• What term describes the learned, socially acquired traditions and lifestyles of a society?
• In social science, the term causality is typically used to refer to which concept?
• What is a news desert?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the 12 factors of newsworthiness?
• Which group contributed to programming the first full-service electronic digital computer?
• Which statement best describes the consensus about media bias from major research?
• Which early photographer's sequential frame images of animals helped popularize motion pictures?
• Which perspective argues that media tend to reinforce the interests of the ruling class and uphold social order?
• The Paramount Decision had an enormous impact on the movie industry. Which of the following was an impact of that Supreme Court decision?
• Which device did Lee DeForest contribute to that enhanced wireless communication?
• Which statement about fake news and bad information is NOT true?
• When, roughly, was email invented?
• Which investigative reporter is most famous for covering the conditions of the Chicago meatpacking industry?
• The cross-country violence study involved how many countries?
• The Radio Act of 1927 was a response to which crisis?
• Which statement is true about the history of advertising in the United States?
• The Stamp Act was designed to recoup money from which war?
• Roughly what percentage of prime-time television shows contain violence?
• Johannes Gutenberg is famous for printing 180 copies of which book in 1455?
• What percentage of the public trusts public relations?
• Which statement about magazines is true?
• Who invented the audion tube, which improved and amplified wireless signals?
• According to the introduction to the chapter, where did printing presses first start being used?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the Big 5 publishing houses?
• The described regulatory strategy began to show success under which president?
• What is the estimated share of Black women among American journalists?
• Which option best describes vertical integration in the film industry?
• Who invented the first paper film process?
• What term describes small lies used to make advertising entertaining?
• What percentage of speaking roles on TV go to women?
• Which company is one of the three largest American movie chains?
• Which term describes the ability to think critically about media messages?
• Which term refers to the process by which societies create shared meanings through symbols and messages?
• Under whose presidency did this regulatory strategy begin to succeed?
• The chapter's study guide includes three elements. The third element is which of the following?
• In the U.S., how many hours of TV do children ages 2 to 5 watch on average?
• Who is historically known as the father of radio?
• One reason researchers worry about male journalists is because they tend to underutilize which type of sources?
• Which scenario best illustrates the concept of vaulting in media licensing?
• In historical advertising, shopbills were best described as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes audience fragmentation?
• Which of the following is the best example of product positioning?
• The first reason this class exists is that mass media content is ______.
• Which statement best defines newsworthiness?
• What trend is identified regarding women's portrayal in media across film and TV?
• The top 10 newspaper chains own what percentage of the newspapers in the US?
• Which statement about penny papers reflects their typical content?
• How many of the 50 states have at least one daily newspaper reporter assigned to Washington, DC, to cover Congress?
• Dairy Queen decides to change its image with ads that describe their desserts as gourmet, exotic, and upscale. What advertising technique best describes this strategy?
• What is the main problem with the PRSA definition of public relations?
• Which argues that the media's influence on people's behavior is limited by opinion leaders?
• Who printed the first newspaper in colonial America?
• The first colonial newspaper was unique in many ways. Which statement about it is true?
• During the Great Depression, PR efforts were used to regain public trust, but how did the public perceive PR?
• What percentage of tv programs have mostly female casts?
• Which definition best represents how communication is conceptualized in the course?
• Which trio of companies is cited as controlling the majority of the global recorded music market?
• The Black poverty rate in the US is 22%. Roughly what percentage of poor people in news stories are Black?
• Which statement about heavy consumers of crime news is accurate?
• What is the relationship in the United States between the number of PR professionals and journalists?
• In 1873, the former governor of California hired Eadweard Muybridge to photograph what?
• According to the ranking, what is the second top-performing total audience magazine in the U.S.?
• The fourth reason this class exists is that media literacy is necessary for ______ in our society.
• If the government tries to censor a book by preventing its publication, that is most likely to be an example of:
• Which of the following best describes the term 'prior restraint'?
• Who first popularized the idea of corporate transparency?
• Who invented the kinetograph, a motion picture camera that took 40 photographs a second?
• In advertising history, magazines were noted for delivering higher returns on ad dollars than other media. True or false?
• Which figure gave a speech that popularized the term muckraker?
• Advertising in the United States began to grow as a big business after which historical period?
• Mass media content is described as ______ in reach.
• What term refers to the factors that make a news story theoretically worth publishing?
• The Pacific Railway Act enabled which major project?
• Which event marks the final milestone in the timeline described in the material?
• Which statement best describes the invention of the Internet?
• What percentage of video game players in the United States are female?
• According to advertising expenditure patterns, which medium receives the most spending in the United States?
• The first full-service advertising agency in the United States opened in which year?
• Which of the following refers to a theory that suggests media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people?
• What percentage figure corresponds to the share of FM stations among all commercial radio stations?
• Which magazine is listed as the top-performing total audience magazine in the U.S.?
• The vast majority of Latin characters on TV appear on which type of program?
• Which is an example of mediated communication but not mass communication?
• Which of the following suggests that new or conflicting information given to us by the media creates mental discomfort?
• Which film test is focused on the share of female supporting characters and is often cited as a method to assess gender representation?
• Who are the two individuals credited with coining the term 'The Internet'?
• Which statement about the early movie industry is NOT true?
• In what year was the first commercial radio broadcast in the US?
• Bechdel Test is best described as which of the following?
• The term 'yellow journalism' started as a reference to a comic strip. What was that comic strip about?
• Which term best describes a media environment in which a small number of firms control most outlets?
• Most early books printed in the North American colonies were what kind of subject matter?
• Which device enabled households to record programs for later viewing?
• Which term describes a media market dominated by a few large companies?
• In 1883, Joseph Pulitzer bought The New York World. Which statement about that paper at the time is true?
• Fifteen years ago, the four major TV broadcast networks commanded 61% of all TV viewers. What is their current share?
• Which description best characterizes yellow journalism?
• Which practice are male journalists more likely to rely on, according to researchers?
• In the Mathematical Model of Communication, which element represents the entity that generates and/or selects the message?
• In a cell phone conversation, battery failure would most directly affect which part of the model?
• Which statement regarding trends in media consumption is true?
• Which phrase captures the paradox of alleged journalistic fairness masking a male viewpoint?
• Which case is associated with ensuring that films have constitutional protection similar to other media?
• Which case established freedom of the press and set limits on prior restraint?
• What is a consequence of male-dominated journalism noted by media researchers?
• Which theory explains how heavy TV viewing can shape people's perceptions of social reality over time?
• Which of the following terms specifically refers to the idea that people can acquire new behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed?
• Which of the following is the best example of the truth that mass media is an increasingly common presence in our lives?
• In a study of 1,200 top films, what percent had Asian directors?
• What forced an end to single-sponsor TV shows?
• Which figure is credited with popularizing the term muckraker through public discourse?
• Changes in copyright law have been suspiciously tied to the financial interests of one company. Which company?
• Which statement about chapter introductions is accurate?
• What is the term for the person who has overall creative authority and management responsibility for an entire TV show?
• Which statement best describes the early colonial print market?
• Which person did President Wilson choose to head a government PR committee during World War I?
• What milestone occurred in 1941 regarding broadcast television?
• Which figure led the U.S. government's public relations efforts during World War I?
• Which entity began regulating cable TV according to the timeline?
• Which term refers to the idea that people interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes?
• In 1941, Justice Felix Frankfurter described the ad hoc balancing of interests. Which statement best explains this perspective?
• Which of the following is the best example of niche marketing?
• A study estimated the global annual cost of fake news. How much?
• Which statement is correct about the Bechdel Test and its purpose?
• Cable television was originally developed for which type of communities?
• Which of the following refers to a very general category of research that asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication?
• Which term refers to the erosion of traditional distinctions among media?
• Edward Bernays is often credited with the invention of the term 'Public Relations.' With whom did he share full credit for the creation of that term?
• Which term refers to the knowledge and skill necessary to think critically about the content we consume?
• In which period did Paul Baran produce a plan to create a packet-switched network for the US military?
• Which statement best describes the ratio of public relations professionals to journalists in the United States?
• A lot of movie ads tell us that we should go see a film because it's the most popular in the country. What advertising technique are those ads using?
• Which short section about Johannes Gutenberg suggests the best summary?
• Approximately how many hours of television does the average American watch per week?
• What concept captures the blending of different media platforms and content across devices?
• Which term refers to a process of printing that uses photographic plates?
• In a study, community leaders are found to influence voting patterns in small towns more than campaign ads or candidates' social media posts. Which communication theory best explains this finding?
• How much money does the American advertising industry spend each year?
• Which term refers to an advertising technique that seeks to give consumers a specific reason to choose one product over another?
• Which statement about the earliest radio patents is true?
• In the introduction, who helped popularize the Mathematical Model of Communication in the U.S.?
• How long did the first paper published in the American colonies last?
• Controversial rap songs have limited impact because potential listeners avoid songs that make them uncomfortable. Which theory best explains this behavior?
• Who helped found the polling industry?
• Which theory is concerned with how media may perpetuate social power structures and inequalities?
• In what year did the first publication to call itself a magazine appear?
• Which term describes creating reasons to choose one product over another?
• Which wording best illustrates product positioning in marketing communications?
• Which percentage represents the current share of the four major networks?
• What is the best summary of the research on the connection between the consumption of violent media and real-world violence?
• One of the most famous cases of free expression involved U.S. government attempts to halt publication of an issue of the Progressive magazine. What objectionable material did the magazine contain?
• Which historical event is cited as a good example of a pseudo-event?
• Which statement about the invention of television is most accurate?
• Which term describes sensationalist journalism that emphasizes crime and scandal?
• Which term describes relatively extreme behavior intended to cause injury?
• Which advertising technique relies on popularity to persuade consumers to buy a product?
• What is a common element across academic definitions of fake news?
• Books were not central to the lives of early American colonists. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that was true?
• The range of political ideas considered reasonable by the public at any moment is called?
• When did the first true public demonstration of television take place?
• Gutenberg printed 180 copies of which work in 1455?
• According to Figure 7.3, what percentage of the time do people listen to podcasts while driving?
• In discussions of media representation, what difference is noted between film and television?
• Which of the following was an impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996?
• Which of the following is the term for a theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon?
• Which term refers to organizations that use technological channels of distributing messages with the purpose of creating and maintaining audiences?
• What percentage of speaking roles on TV are filled by women?
• Which of the following kinds of tests for movies requires that a movie have at least one black woman who is in a position of power and in a healthy relationship?
• What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?
• Which is NOT one of the elements of the definition of the Internet we are using?
• Which is an example of disinformation?
• Muybridge's work helped advance which form of media technology?
• Which court case granted films the same constitutional protections as print media?
• Which group was involved in programming the first full-service electronic digital computer?
• The three largest American movie chains control roughly what percentage of the country's movie screens?
• What was the nation's first premium cable channel?
• Which scenario best illustrates the Overton Window?
• According to the timeline in the chapter, which of the following things happened first?
• What term describes owning multiple, different kinds of media properties?
• In what year did Joseph Pulitzer buy The New York World?
• Which concept describes how television can shape viewers' perceptions of social reality over time?
• Which American mathematician acquired radio patents in the U.S. prior to Marconi?
• Which theory posits that information flows from media to opinion leaders and then to the broader public?
• Which event occurred first in the timeline?
• What percentage of global Internet usage takes place via mobile devices?
• Who coined the term 'muckraker'?
• Which statement is true about the prevalence of violence in media?
• What is the best summary of the invention of the Internet?
• Roughly how many advertising agencies operate in the United States?
• Which term references a medieval belief about the sources of political power?
• The Fourth Estate originally referred to which group?
• Which city is associated with Upton Sinclair's meatpacking investigations?
• Roth v. United States addressed which core issue?
• Research suggesting we must study race and gender simultaneously to understand discrimination in media references which idea?
• Which of the following best describes niche marketing in media?
• Which scenario illustrates vertical integration?
• What did the Stamp Act require?
• Who founded the first cable television system in the United States?
• Which term refers to a kind of expression which is usually immune from claims of slander and libel?
• What is media literacy?
• Which statement best describes media literacy's role in culture?
• The VCR was an early force that allowed what?
• Which company is associated with changes in copyright law due to its financial interests?
• The Miller case is primarily associated with which area of law?
• Which term refers to the advertising technique of making consumers aware that products are distinct from one another?
• Which term refers to the erosion of distinctions among media?
• Which of the following was the most influential African-American newspaper prior to the Civil War?
• Which country, besides Russia, appears to be a big source of fake news in the U.S.?
• The concept of journalists as neutral arrived circa which year?
• What is the job title for the person who has overall creative authority for an entire TV show?
• By the end of the 1950s, what percentage of American households had a television?
• Sony, Warner, and Universal are the three largest recording companies in the world. Roughly what percentage of the global recorded music market do they control?
• According to the textbook, how old is the practice of fake news?
• Which of the following is NOT a recommended step to avoid spreading fake news?
• Which term refers to a trend where more and more media companies are owned by fewer and fewer people (or corporations)?
• Which term refers to the idea that media operate primarily to support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people?
• Which company is NOT among the Big Five publishing houses?
• Amos Kendall is best known for serving in which role in U.S. government?
• Rising concentration and conglomeration tend to produce which market form?
• What percentage of prime-time TV shows contain violence?
• Which media effects theory does the violent crime perception gap suggest might be right?
• In the late 1950s, a scandal broke out that involved televised quiz shows. What was the nature of the scandal?
• Which publication is identified as the first really successful American magazine?
• What has happened to newspaper circulation in the U.S. since World War II?
• What term describes the tendency for journals to publish significant results more often than null results?
• Which statement about early film technology is true?
• The Corantos were influential in 17th-century England for which primary format?
• Who was the nation's first presidential press secretary?
• According to the introduction, every chapter in the book includes a special focus on ______.
• Who coined the term 'The Internet'?
• Which achievement is attributed to Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn?
• Which of the following people managed the early ARPANET?
• Commercial TV stations weren't licensed until which year?
• Which theory emphasizes that interpersonal influence channels the impact of mass media through opinion leaders?
• Which concept describes the idea that media influence on behavior is limited by audience factors?
• In media theory, what term describes a broad framework intended to describe and explain all aspects of a phenomenon?
• Which label describes the critique of journalism that claims fairness but often reflects a male-centered perspective?
• Approximately what percentage of American journalists are Black women?
• Which of the following kinds of "tests" for movies requires that a movie have at least a 50% female supporting cast?
• What was identified as the most significant risk factor for violence in a large review of studies?
• The third reason this class exists is that we are relatively ______ about mass media.
• Among the following options, which provides the least value for the television-watching dollar?
• Which factor of newsworthiness explains why stories with famous people might be more attractive?
• Which statement best reflects the relationship between race and media in the discussion?
• Which example demonstrates the widespread reach of media in daily life?
• When did Trump and his surrogates start saying that the 2020 presidential election was stolen?
• The range of political ideas the public will accept at any given time is called?
• Which term refers to attractive, artful business cards used to promote tradespeople?
• Which factor is most closely associated with higher representation of Black characters on TV, according to the material?
• What term refers to treating two arguments as equally credible when they are not?
• Vaulting is a term used to describe removing a work from sale or streaming temporarily. Which option best represents a vaulting action?
• Which is the best example of 'false equivalence'?
• Which channel is widely regarded as the nation's first premium cable channel?
• Which of the following statements about the penny papers is true?
• In the Mass Media scope, what percentage of Americans listen to the radio weekly?
• According to a recent study, what percentage of journalistic reports about sexual assault on college campuses included language that cast doubt on victims statements?
• Which statement is NOT a characteristic of media literacy?
• If a show has at least one female creator or producer, what happens to female characters?
• Which device invented by the Lumière brothers allowed projection of films onto a screen?
• According to the cited study, what percentage of Americans believe fake news?
• What community was cable television originally invented to serve?
• Who is often referred to as the originator of the computer?
• Which organization defines public relations as a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics?
• In which decade was violent crime in the United States highest?
• Which regulatory Act was passed first?
• What does the Overton Window refer to?
• What is the average cost of producing and marketing a Hollywood feature film?
• On average, how often do Americans believe fake news?
• Which court case pioneered the modern, three-tiered definition of obscenity?
• What percentage of all global on-demand music play time does YouTube account for?
• Which court case ruled that newspapers cannot be stopped from publishing classified material in their possession?
• What percentage of all American book sales are controlled by the Big 5 publishing houses?
• Which is a good example of misinformation?
• Which journalist is famous for exposing Standard Oil's anti-competitive practices?
• Which term refers to the idea that TV constructs a world we come to believe in as real?
• What is the best description of the conclusions of the best and most comprehensive research on news media bias?
• The violence study reviewed over 1,000 individual studies from across 14 countries, covering about how many people?
• Which term captures the idea that media boundaries are blurring across platforms?
• Which statement is true about the definition of journalism we're using?
• Who took a famous picture of a horse in motion that fueled public interest in motion picture photography?
• What percentage of the American public says the news is politically biased?
• The term yellow journalism originated from a reference to a comic strip. What was the focus of that comic strip?
• Which term is the most fundamental issue of representation?
• The kinetograph is a motion picture camera that could photograph at which rate per second?
• Early magazines were first introduced in Western Europe during which period?
• Which statement accurately reflects readership differences by gender?
• What term refers to the idea of a theory that aims to explain all aspects of a phenomenon rather than a single process?
• Which country, aside from Russia, is a major source of fake news in the U.S.?
• In learning theory, which concept explains how observing others can lead to the acquisition of new behaviors?
• Which of the following is a classic example of a pseudo-event in PR history?
• How did the Great Depression affect public relations in the United States?
• Which journalist is associated with exposing anti-competitive practices in the oil industry?
• Which term refers to questions about how many members of a group are involved in writing or directing TV shows?
• Roughly when did the first printing press arrive in the American colonies?
• Which statement best captures the Bechdel Test's purpose?
• In the timeline, which event occurred last?
• Celebrity endorsements are an example of which advertising technique?
• What term refers to a market with only a few dominant firms?
• What percentage of all commercial radio stations are FM?
• Which of the following was a one-page news sheet that became popular in England in the 1600s?
• Approximately what percentage of film writers are people of color?